Project-based learning (PBL) is an educational approach that emphasizes active engagement and experiential learning by having students investigate and respond to complex, real-world problems or challenges. Unlike traditional models, which often prioritize rote memorization or isolated skill acquisition, PBL situates learning in meaningful contexts that require collaboration, creativity, and critical thinking. In a typical PBL environment, students work in teams over extended periods of time to research a central question, design solutions, and produce tangible outcomes such as presentations, reports, or prototypes. Teachers act as facilitators or coaches, guiding inquiry, providing resources, and assessing both the process and products of learning. The major theoretical underpinning of project-based learning stems from constructivist educational theories, particularly those advanced by John Dewey and Jean Piaget, which argue that learners construct knowledge most effectively through active involvement and reflection. By grappling with authentic problems, students are required to integrate knowledge from multiple disciplines, thereby deepening their understanding and retention. Furthermore, PBL […]