Project-Based Learning (PBL) is an instructional methodology that emphasizes student-driven inquiry and the active exploration of real-world challenges. Unlike traditional, lecture-based methods that often prioritize rote memorization or isolated skill drills, PBL requires students to engage collaboratively in meaningful projects that mimic the complex problems faced outside the classroom. Through the process, students identify problems, formulate questions, conduct research, implement solutions, and ultimately present their findings. This pedagogical shift is grounded in constructivist theories of learning, chiefly influenced by thinkers such as John Dewey and Jean Piaget, who argued that knowledge is best acquired through hands-on experiences and social interaction. A defining characteristic of project-based learning is its interdisciplinary nature. Projects are designed to integrate multiple subject areas—such as science, mathematics, social studies, and language arts—allowing students to draw connections across different domains of knowledge. For example, a project on sustainable urban development might require students to analyze mathematical data on population growth, evaluate environmental impacts using […]