Formative assessment refers to a wide variety of methods teachers use to conduct evaluations of student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course. Unlike summative assessments—which typically occur at the end of an instructional period to judge student competency—formative assessments are integrated into the learning process and aim to provide ongoing feedback. The primary purpose of formative assessment is to monitor learning in real time, enabling both teachers and students to identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as to inform instruction dynamically. Examples of formative assessment techniques include quizzes, in-class discussions, think-pair-share exercises, polling, exit tickets, drafts of written work, and peer assessments. Research in educational psychology has shown that formative assessment positively influences student learning outcomes. One key advantage is the ability for immediate feedback, which helps students recognize their own misconceptions and adjust their strategies accordingly. Teachers, likewise, can use assessment results to differentiate instruction, address individual or group learning […]